Manifestations of welfare loss

Abstract

Water security (WS) evolved toward the protection against floods, droughts, plagues, environmental services protection, health preservation, and conflict negotiation. The part of human and gender security deepening, as well as environmental security proposing a great (HUGE) security. This overcomes the political-military vision where water was used as a weapon. A combination of market failures, inefficient institutions, and lack of governance have aggravated conflicts and provoked violent outbreaks. Specialists have insisted on political mechanisms and negotiations between governments and those affected, which have brought about international treaties and water regimes. Growing citizen complaints about deterioration in quality and water shortage have transformed the demands for water into a basic human right, making a distinction between use value (survival) and exchange value (merchandise), with progressive tariffs for saving.